Transglutaminase 2 regulates early chondrogenesis and glycosaminoglycan synthesis

Transglutaminase 2 regulates early chondrogenesis and glycosaminoglycan synthesis

The expression pattern for tissue transglutaminase (TG2) suggests that it regulates cartilage formation. We analyzed the role of TG2 in early stages of chondrogenesis using differentiating high-density cultures of mesenchymal cells from chicken limb bud as a model. We demonstrate that TG2 promotes cell differentiation towards a pre-hypertrophic stage without inducing precocious hypertrophic mat...

Calmodulin regulates transglutaminase 2 cross-linking of huntingtin.

Striatal and cortical intranuclear inclusions and cytoplasmic aggregates of mutant huntingtin are prominent neuropathological hallmarks of Huntington's disease (HD). We demonstrated previously that transglutaminase 2 cross-links mutant huntingtin in cells in culture and demonstrated the presence of transglutaminase-catalyzed cross-links in the HD cortex that colocalize with transglutaminase 2 a...

P2X7 receptor activation regulates rapid unconventional export of transglutaminase-2

Transglutaminases (denoted TG or TGM) are externalized from cells via an unknown unconventional secretory pathway. Here, we show for the first time that purinergic signaling regulates active secretion of TG2 (also known as TGM2), an enzyme with a pivotal role in stabilizing extracellular matrices and modulating cell-matrix interactions in tissue repair. Extracellular ATP promotes TG2 secretion ...

Knocking down glycosaminoglycan synthesis.

Regulation of Glycosaminoglycan Synthesis

0.1 ,uM triiodothyronine (T3) (1981. Endocrinology. 108: 2397). The current study characterizes that enhanced accumulation. Confluent cultures were maintained in thyroid hormnone-deficient media without or with added T3, labeled with [3H]acetate and analyzed for total [3H]GAG and [3H]hyaluronic acid content. Addition of T3 to thyroid hormone-depleted media consistently inhibited the incorporati...